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History of personal computers - Wikipedia. The history of the personal computer as a mass- market consumer electronic device began with the microcomputer revolution of the 1. The 1. 98. 1 launch of the IBM Personal Computer coined both the term Personal Computer and PC. A personal computer is one intended for interactive individual use. After the development of the microprocessor, individual personal computers were low enough in cost that they eventually became affordable consumer goods. Early personal computers – generally called microcomputers – were sold often in electronic kit form and in limited numbers, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians.
Etymology. Mauchly's vision of future computing as detailed at a recent meeting of the Institute of Industrial Engineers. By 1. 97. 9, over half a million microcomputers were sold and the youth of the day had a new concept of the personal computer. A personal computer is one intended for interactive individual use, as opposed to a mainframe computer where the end user's requests are filtered through operating staff, or a time sharing system in which one large processor is shared by many individuals.
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After the development of the microprocessor, individual personal computers were low enough in cost that they eventually became affordable consumer goods. Early personal computers – generally called microcomputers– were sold often in electronic kit form and in limited numbers, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians. Mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Before the introduction of the microprocessor in the early 1. End users generally did not directly interact with the machine, but instead would prepare tasks for the computer on off- line equipment, such as card punches. A number of assignments for the computer would be gathered up and processed in batch mode. After the job had completed, users could collect the results.
Similar to the basic Clone Technique, this technique creates copies of the user. However, these clones are corporeal instead of illusions.
In some cases, it could take hours or days between submitting a job to the computing center and receiving the output. A more interactive form of computer use developed commercially by the middle 1.
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In a time- sharing system, multiple computer terminals let many people share the use of one mainframe computer processor. This was common in business applications and in science and engineering. A different model of computer use was foreshadowed by the way in which early, pre- commercial, experimental computers were used, where one user had exclusive use of a processor.! Some of the first computers that might be called . By today's standards, they were very large (about the size of a refrigerator) and cost prohibitive (typically tens of thousands of US dollars). However, they were much smaller, less expensive, and generally simpler to operate than many of the mainframe computers of the time.
Therefore, they were accessible for individual laboratories and research projects. Minicomputers largely freed these organizations from the batch processing and bureaucracy of a commercial or university computing center. In addition, minicomputers were relatively interactive and soon had their own operating systems. The minicomputer Xerox Alto (1.
In 1. 96. 8, SRI researcher Douglas Engelbart gave what was later called The Mother of All Demos, in which he offered a preview of things that have become the staples of daily working life in the 2. The demo was the culmination of research in Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center laboratory, which concentrated on applying computer technology to facilitate creative human thought. Microprocessor and cost reduction.
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This meant that they were still large and difficult to manufacture just like their mainframe predecessors. The arithmetic, logic, and control functions that previously occupied several costly circuit boards were now available in one integrated circuit, making it possible to produce them in high volume. Concurrently, advances in the development of solid state memory eliminated the bulky, costly, and power- hungry magnetic core memory used in prior generations of computers. A few researchers at places such as SRI and Xerox PARC were working on computers that a single person could use and that could be connected by fast, versatile networks: not home computers, but personal ones. After the 1. 97. 2 introduction of the Intel 4. In 1. 97. 4 the American electronics magazine Radio- Electronics described the Mark- 8 computer kit, based on the Intel 8.
In January of the following year, Popular Electronics magazine published an article describing a kit based on the Intel 8. The Altair 8. 80. However, the Altair kit was much less costly than an Intel development system of the time and so was purchased by companies interested in developing microprocessor control for their own products. Expansion memory boards and peripherals were soon listed by the original manufacturer, and later by plug compatible manufacturers. The very first Microsoft product was a 4 kilobyte paper tape BASIC interpreter, which allowed users to develop programs in a higher- level language. The alternative was to hand- assemble machine code that could be directly loaded into the microcomputer's memory using a front panel of toggle switches, pushbuttons and LED displays. While the hardware front panel emulated those used by early mainframe and minicomputers, after a very short time I/O through a terminal was the preferred human/machine interface, and front panels became extinct.
The beginnings of the personal computer industry. But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far.— British newspaper The Star in a June 1. EDSAC computer, long before the era of the personal computers.
Although there were far more advanced machines at the time of its construction, the Simon represented the first experience of building an automatic simple digital computer, for educational purposes. Watch El Maestro De Altamira full movie in english 2k 21:9 here. In 1. 95. 0, it was sold for US$6. IBM 6. 10. Although it was faulted for its speed, the IBM 6.
With a price tag of $5. The Olivetti Programma 1.
New York World's Fair. Over 4. 4,0. 00 units were sold worldwide; in the US its cost at launch was $3,2. Built without integrated circuits or microprocessors, it used only transistors, resistors and condensers for its processing. It was designed as a relatively small- scale computer for use in engineering and scientific applications and contained a hardware implementation of a high- level programming language. Another innovative feature for that time was the user interface combining a keyboard with a monitor and light pen for correcting texts and drawing on screen. It was designed and invented by John Blankenbaker of Kenbak Corporation in 1. Unlike a modern personal computer, the Kenbak- 1 was built of small- scale integrated circuits, and did not use a microprocessor.
The system first sold for US$7. Only around 4. 0 machines were ever built and sold.
In 1. 97. 3, production of the Kenbak- 1 stopped as Kenbak Corporation folded. With only 2. 56 bytes of memory, an 8- bit word size, and input and output restricted to lights and switches, the Kenbak- 1 was most useful for learning the principles of programming but not capable of running application programs.
Datapoint 2. 20. 0. The system's CPU was constructed from a variety of discrete components, although the company had commissioned Intel to develop a single- chip processing unit; there was a falling out between CTC and Intel, and the chip Intel had developed wasn't used. Intel soon released a modified version of that chip as the Intel 8. Additionally, the design of the Datapoint 2. CPU and the final design of the Intel 8. Datapoint 2. 20. 0, from a practical perspective, functioned as if it were indeed powered by an 8.
Micral N. The system was developed at the Institut national de la recherche agronomique to automate hygrometric measurements. The system ran at 5. Hz and included 1. B of memory, and sold for 8. Francs, about $1.
US. A bus, called Pluribus, was introduced that allowed connection of up to 1. Boards for digital I/O, analog I/O, memory, floppy disk were available from R2. E. The Micral operating system was initially called Sysmic, and was later renamed Prologue. R2. E was absorbed by Groupe Bull in 1.
Although Groupe Bull continued the production of Micral computers, it was not interested in the personal computer market, and Micral computers were mostly confined to highway toll gates (where they remained in service until 1. Xerox Alto and Star. It was the first example of what would today be recognized as a complete personal computer. In 1. 98. 1, Xerox Corporation introduced the Xerox Starworkstation, officially known as the . Drawing upon its predecessor, the Xerox Alto, it was the first commercial system to incorporate various technologies that today have become commonplace in personal computers, including a bit- mapped display, a windows- based graphical user interface, icons, folders, mouse, Ethernet networking, file servers, print servers and e- mail. It also included a programming language system called Smalltalk. While its use was limited to the engineers at Xerox PARC, the Alto had features years ahead of its time.
Both the Xerox Alto and the Xerox Star would inspire the Apple Lisa and the Apple Macintosh. IBM SCAMP. Paul Friedl at the IBM Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive, small CRT and full function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an IBM 1. APL\1. 13. 0. Because it was the first to emulate APL\1. PC Magazine in 1. SCAMP a . It was the evolution of SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) that IBM demonstrated in 1. In January 1. 97.
IBM announced the IBM 5. The 5. 10. 0 was withdrawn in March 1. When the PC was introduced in 1. IBM 5. 15. 0, putting it in the .
It was only a matter of time before one such design was able to hit a sweet spot in terms of pricing and performance, and that machine is generally considered to be the Altair 8.