Online streaming Black Sunday in english with subtitles 1440p 16:9
Olive - Wikipedia. The olive, known by the botanical name Olea europaea, meaning . The species is cultivated in many places and considered naturalized in all the countries of the Mediterranean coast, as well as in Argentina, Saudi Arabia, Java, Norfolk Island, California, and Bermuda.
The tree and its fruit give their name to the plant family, which also includes species such as lilacs, jasmine, Forsythia and the true ash trees (Fraxinus). The word derives from Latin. It is short and squat, and rarely exceeds 8–1. The Pisciottana, a unique variety comprising 4.
Pisciotta in the Campania region of southern Italy often exceeds this, with correspondingly large trunk diameters. The silvery green leaves are oblong, measuring 4–1. The trunk is typically gnarled and twisted. The small white, feathery flowers, with ten- cleft calyx and corolla, two stamens and bifid stigma, are borne generally on the previous year's wood, in racemes springing from the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a small drupe 1–2.
Olives are harvested in the green to purple stage. Canned black olives have often been artificially blackened (see below on processing) and may contain the chemical ferrous gluconate to improve the appearance.
Black Sunday Fire Fdny
Black Sunday Brand
Discover your personal euphoria with Ben & Jerry's line-up of ice cream, Non-Dairy, frozen yogurt, and sorbet flavors.
Directed by Oliver Stone. With Al Pacino, Dennis Quaid, Cameron Diaz, James Woods. A behind-the-scenes look at the life-and-death struggles of modern-day gladiators. Terri Neil, 35, from Billericay, Essex, knew there was something wrong when she read a post on Facebook written by her long-term best friend Louisa - who she had. Daily Black news for African American professionals. Features headline stories, celebrity photos, columns, interviews, reviews and more. The official website for HBO Documentaries, featuring videos, images, interviews, schedule information and episode guides. Scottish perspective on news, sport, business, lifestyle, food and drink and more, from Scotland's national newspaper, The Scotsman.
Olea europaea contains a seed commonly referred to in American English as a pit or a rock, and in British English as a stone. Taxonomy. Olives cultivated for consumption are generally referred to as table olives. In recent times, efforts have been directed at producing hybrid cultivars with qualities such as resistance to disease, quick growth and larger or more consistent crops. History. Its origin can be traced to the Levant based on written tablets, olive pits, and wood fragments found in ancient tombs. Fossilized leaves of Olea were found in the palaeosols of the volcanic Greek island of Santorini (Thera) and were dated about 3. BP. Imprints of larvae of olive whitefly Aleurolobus (Aleurodes) olivinus were found on the leaves. The same insect is commonly found today on olive leaves, showing that the plant- animal co- evolutionary relations have not changed since that time.
Spanish colonists brought the olive to the New World where its cultivation prospered in present- day Peru and Chile. The first seedlings from Spain were planted in Lima by Antonio de Rivera in 1. Olive tree cultivation quickly spread along the valleys of South America's dry Pacific coast where the climate was similar to the Mediterranean. It was first cultivated at Mission San Diego de Alcal. Orchards were started at other missions but in 1. California. Cultivation for oil gradually became a highly successful commercial venture from the 1.
The olive branch was often a symbol of abundance, glory and peace. The leafy branches of the olive tree were ritually offered to deities and powerful figures as emblems of benediction and purification, and they were used to crown the victors of friendly games and bloody wars. Today, olive oil is still used in many religious ceremonies. Over the years, the olive has been the symbol of peace, wisdom, glory, fertility, power and purity.
Ancient Egypt. Olive oil was used for not only food and cooking, but also lighting, sacrificial offerings, ointment, and anointment for priestly or royal office. It was an olive leaf that a dove brought back to Noah to demonstrate that the flood was over (Book of Genesis, 8: 1. The olive is listed in Deuteronomy 8: 8 as one of the seven species that are noteworthy products of the Land of Israel. It was burnt in the sacred lamps of temples as well as being the .
Victors in these games were crowned with its leaves. In Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus crawls beneath two shoots of olive that grow from a single stock. Greek myth attributed to the primordial culture- hero. Aristaeus the understanding of olive husbandry, along with cheese- making and bee- keeping. According to the 4th- century BC father of botany, Theophrastus, olive trees ordinarily attained an age of about 2.
The olive was sacred to Athena and appeared on the Athenian coinage. Theophrastus, in On the Causes of Plants, does not give as systematic and detailed an account of olive husbandry as he does of the vine, but he makes clear (in 1.
Theophrastus reports how the bearing olive can be grafted on the wild olive, for which the Greeks had a separate name, kotinos. In the thickness there should be set a very close succession of ties made of charred olive wood, binding the two faces of the wall together like pins, to give it lasting endurance. For that is a material which neither decay, nor the weather, nor time can harm, but even though buried in the earth or set in the water it keeps sound and useful forever. And so not only city walls but substructures in general and all walls that require a thickness like that of a city wall, will be long in falling to decay if tied in this manner. The Allegory of the Olive Tree in St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans refers to the scattering and gathering of Israel.
It compares the Israelites to a tame olive tree and the Gentiles to a wild olive branch. The olive tree itself, as well as olive oil and olives, play an important role in the Bible. Olive tree and olive- oil health benefits have been propounded in Prophetic medicine. Muhammad is reported to have said: . The olive tree on the island of Brijuni (Brioni), Istria in Croatia, has a radiocarbon dating age of about 1,6. It still gives fruit (about 3. An olive tree in west Athens, named .
The tree comprised a cavernous trunk from which a few branches were still sprouting in 1. Since then, the trunk has been preserved and displayed in the nearby Agricultural University of Athens. A supposedly older tree, the . Numerous ancient olive trees also exist near Pelion in Greece. An olive tree called Farga d'Ari. A tree located in Santu Baltolu di Carana, in the municipality of Luras in Sardinia, Italy, is respectfully named in Sardinian as the Ozzastru by the islanders, and is claimed to be between 3,0.
The 1. 5th- century trees of Olivo della Linza, at Alliste in the Province of Lecce in Apulia on the Italian mainland, were noted by Bishop Ludovico de Pennis during his pastoral visit to the Diocese of Nard. Other trees in the towns of Amioun appear to be at least 1,5. All seven trees continue to produce olives. Several trees in the Garden of Gethsemane (from the Hebrew words . In the end, only three from a total of eight olive trees could be successfully dated. The dated ancient olive trees do, however, not allow any hypothesis to be made with regard to the age of the remaining five giant olive trees.”.
Visiting guides to the garden often state that they are two thousand years old.”. Picked when they have obtained full size, but before the ripening cycle has begun. Usually shades of green to yellow.
Semi- ripe or turning- colour olives. Picked at the beginning of the ripening cycle, when the colour has begun to change from green to multi- colour shades of red to brown. Only the skin is coloured as the flesh of the fruit lacks pigmentation at this stage, unlike that of ripe olives. Black olives or ripe olives.
Picked at full maturity when fully ripe. Found in assorted shades of purple to brown to black. Generally speaking, phenolics reach their peak in young fruit and are converted as the fruit matures. The result is table olives which can be stored without refrigeration.
Fermentations dominated by lactic acid bacteria are therefore the most suitable method of curing olives. Yeast- dominated fermentations produce a different suite of metabolites which provide poorer preservation, so they are corrected with an acid such as citric acid in the final processing stage to provide microbial stability. The most important commercial examples are: Spanish or Sevillian type (olives with fermentation).
Most commonly applied to green olive preparation. Around 6. 0% of all the world's table olives are produced with this method. They are usually considered . They are then washed once or several times in water to remove the caustic solution and transferred to fermenting vessels full of brine at typical concentrations of 8–1.
Na. Cl. Fermentation is carried out by the natural microbiota present on the olives that survive the lye treatment process. Many organisms are involved, usually reflecting the local conditions or . During a typical fermentation gram- negative enterobacteria flourish in small numbers at first, but are rapidly outgrown by lactic acid bacteria species such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus damnosus. These bacteria produce lactic acid to help lower the p. H of the brine and therefore stabilize the product against unwanted pathogenic species. A diversity of yeasts then accumulate in sufficient numbers to help complete the fermentation alongside the lactic acid bacteria.
Yeasts commonly mentioned include the teleomorphs Pichia anomala, Pichia membranifaciens, Debaryomyces hansenii and Kluyveromyces marxianus. Applied to green, semi- ripe and ripe olives. Almost identical to the Spanish type fermentation process, however the lye treatment process is skipped and the olives are placed directly in fermentation vessels full of brine (8–1. Na. Cl). The brine is changed on a regular basis to help remove the phenolic compounds. As the caustic treatment is avoided, lactic acid bacteria are only present in similar numbers to yeast and appear to be outcompeted by the abundant yeasts found on untreated olives. As there is very little acid produced by the yeast fermentation, lactic, acetic, or citric acid is often added to the fermentation stage to stabilize the process.
Can be applied to green, semi- ripe or ripe olives. Olives are soaked in lye typically for longer periods than Spanish style (e. They are then washed and immediately brined and acid corrected with citric acid to achieve microbial stability. Fermentation still occurs carried out by acidogenic yeast and bacteria, but is more subdued than other methods.
Easter - Wikipedia. Easter. Icon of the Resurrection, with Christ having kicked down the gates of Hades and pulling Adam and Eve out of the tombs. Christ is flanked by saints, and Satan—depicted as an old man—is bound and chained. In Eastern Christianity, the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day, the Feast of the Ascension.
Easter and the holidays that are related to it are moveable feasts which do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars which follow only the cycle of the sun; rather, its date is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar. The First Council of Nicaea (3. Watch full movie Confess in english in 2160. Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council. No details for the computation were specified; these were worked out in practice, a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies. It has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 2.
March. In many languages, the words for . The word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover, commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt. For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed. By the Roman period, however, the sacrifices were performed in the mid- afternoon. Josephus, Jewish War 6. Philo, Special Laws 2.
It assumes that text literally translated . The early Christians, too, would have celebrated this meal to commemorate Jesus' death and subsequent resurrection. The first Christians, Jewish and Gentile, were certainly aware of the Hebrew calendar. Perhaps the earliest extant primary source referring to Easter is a mid- 2nd- century Paschal homily attributed to Melito of Sardis, which characterizes the celebration as a well- established one. This is consistent with the celebration of Easter having entered Christianity during its earliest, Jewish period, but does not leave the question free of doubt. Although he describes the details of the Easter celebration as deriving from local custom, he insists the feast itself is universally observed. Instead, the date for Easter is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar.
The First Council of Nicaea (3. Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the Council.
No details for the computation were specified; these were worked out in practice, a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies. This was already the practice almost everywhere. Because of the 1. March corresponds, during the 2. April in the Gregorian Calendar. Easter therefore varies between 4 April and 8 May on the Gregorian calendar (the Julian calendar is no longer used as the civil calendar of the countries where Eastern Christian traditions predominate). Also, because the Julian .
The full moon referred to (called the Paschal full moon) is not an astronomical full moon, but the 1. Another difference is that the astronomical equinox is a natural astronomical phenomenon, which can fall on 1. March, while the ecclesiastical date is fixed by convention on 2. March. The Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches continue to use the Julian calendar. Their starting point in determining the date of Orthodox Easter is also 2.
March but according to the Julian reckoning, which in the current century corresponds to 3 April in the Gregorian calendar. In addition, the lunar tables of the Julian calendar are four days (sometimes five days) behind those of the Gregorian calendar.
The 1. 4th day of the lunar month according to the Gregorian system is figured as the ninth or tenth day according to the Julian. The result of this combination of solar and lunar discrepancies is divergence in the date of Easter in most years (see table). Easter is determined on the basis of lunisolar cycles. The lunar year consists of 3.
In each solar year (1 January to 3. December inclusive), the lunar month beginning with an ecclesiastical new moon falling in the 2. March to 5 April inclusive is designated as the paschal lunar month for that year. The 1. 4th of the paschal lunar month is designated by convention as the Paschal full moon, although the 1. For the British Empire and colonies, a determination of the date of Easter Sunday using Golden Numbers and Sunday letters was defined by the Calendar (New Style) Act 1.
Annexe. This was designed to match exactly the Gregorian calculation. Controversies over the date. A five- part Russian Orthodox icon depicting the Easter story.
By the later 2nd century, it was widely accepted that the celebration of the holiday was a practice of the disciples and an undisputed tradition. The Quartodeciman controversy, the first of several Easter controversies, arose concerning the date on which the holiday should be celebrated. Skybound watch in english with english subtitles in QHD 16:9 here. The term . According to the church historian Eusebius, the Quartodeciman Polycarp (bishop of Smyrna, by tradition a disciple of John the Apostle) debated the question with Anicetus (bishop of Rome).
The Roman province of Asia was Quartodeciman, while the Roman and Alexandrian churches continued the fast until the Sunday following (the Sunday of Unleavened Bread), wishing to associate Easter with Sunday. Neither Polycarp nor Anicetus persuaded the other, but they did not consider the matter schismatic either, parting in peace and leaving the question unsettled. Controversy arose when Victor, bishop of Rome a generation after Anicetus, attempted to excommunicate Polycrates of Ephesus and all other bishops of Asia for their Quartodecimanism. According to Eusebius, a number of synods were convened to deal with the controversy, which he regarded as all ruling in support of Easter on Sunday. Victor's attempted excommunication was apparently rescinded, and the two sides reconciled upon the intervention of bishop Irenaeus and others, who reminded Victor of the tolerant precedent of Anicetus.
Quartodecimanism seems to have lingered into the 4th century, when Socrates of Constantinople recorded that some Quartodecimans were deprived of their churches by John Chrysostom. But both those who followed the Nisan 1. Easter to the following Sunday had in common the custom of consulting their Jewish neighbors to learn when the month of Nisan would fall, and setting their festival accordingly. By the later 3rd century, however, some Christians began to express dissatisfaction with the custom of relying on the Jewish community to determine the date of Easter. The chief complaint was that the Jewish communities sometimes erred in setting Passover to fall before the Northern Hemisphere spring equinox. This effectively required the abandonment of the old custom of consulting the Jewish community in those places where it was still used. Epiphanius of Salamis wrote in the mid- 4th century: the emperor ..
They passed certain ecclesiastical canons at the council besides, and at the same time decreed in regard to the Passover that there must be one unanimous concord on the celebration of God's holy and supremely excellent day. For it was variously observed by people. It took a while for the Alexandrian rules to be adopted throughout Christian Europe, however. The 8- year cycle originally employed was replaced by (or by the time of) Augustalis's treatise on the measurement of Easter, after which Rome used his 8. It then switched to an adaptation by Victorius of the Alexandrian rules.
From this time, therefore, all discrepancies between Alexandria and Rome as to the correct date for Easter cease, as both churches were using identical tables. Early Christians in Britain and Ireland also used an 8.
From the 5th century onward this cycle set its equinox to 2. March and fixed Easter to the Sunday falling in the 1. Churches in western continental Europe used a late Roman method until the late 8th century during the reign of Charlemagne, when they finally adopted the Alexandrian method. Since 1. 58. 2, when the Catholic Church adopted the Gregorian calendar while the Eastern Orthodox and most Oriental Orthodox Churches retained the Julian calendar, the date on which Easter is celebrated has again differed.
The Greek island of Syros, whose population is divided almost equally between Catholics and Orthodox, is one of the few places where the two Churches share a common date for Easter, with the Catholics accepting the Orthodox date—a practice helping considerably in maintaining good relations between the two communities. Despite having some support, proposals to reform the date have not been implemented. The revised Easter computation that had been part of the original 1. Orthodox diocese.
However, the legislation has not been implemented, although it remains on the Statute book and could be implemented subject to approval by the various Christian churches. The reform was proposed for implementation starting in 2.
In January 2. 01. Christian churches again considered the idea of a fixed and unified date of Easter, probably either the second or third Sunday in April. Astronomical Easter is the first Sunday after the Astronomical full moon. In the Eastern reckoning, that full moon is derived from the Metonic cycle while in the West it is referred to the meridian of Jerusalem. Passover commences at sunset preceding the date indicated (as does Easter in many traditions). Position in the church year. Western Christianity.
In Western Christianity, Easter is preceded by Lent, a period of fasting and penitence in preparation for Easter, which begins on Ash Wednesday and lasts forty days (not counting Sundays). The week before Easter, known as Holy Week, is very special in the Christian tradition. The Sunday before Easter is Palm Sunday, with the Wednesday before Easter being known as Spy Wednesday. The last three days before Easter are Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday (sometimes referred to as Silent Saturday).